Chapter 5 Continued:

Scientific Visualization:
-Scientific visualization software uses shapes, location in space, color, brightness, and motion to help us visualize data.
-Visualization helps researches see relationships that might have been obscure or even impossible to grasp without computer-aided visualization tools.
-Computer modeling: uses computers to create abstract models of objects, organisms, organizations, and processes.

-Examples of popular computer models:

• Games
• models of organisms, objects and organizations.
• Flight simulators and simulations of science lab activities.
• Business, city, or nation management simulations.
• Computer simulations are widely used

There are many reasons:

• Safety
• Economy
• Projection
• Visulization
• Replication

-GIGO Revisited:

-the accuracy of a simulation depends on how closely its mathematical model corresponds to the system being simulated.

- Some models suffer from faulty assumptions.

- Some models contain hidden assumptions that may not even be obvious to their creators.

-Some models go astry simply becasue of clerical or human errors.

-Still, garbage in, garbage out is a basic rule simulation.

Making reality Fit the machine

-Some simulations are so comlex that researchers need to simplify models and streamline calculations to get them to run on the best hardware available.

-Sometimes this simplification of reality is deliberate; more often its unconscious.

- Either way, information can be lost, and the loss may comprmoise the integrity of the simulation and call the results into question.

The illusion of Infallibility:

• A computer simulation, whether generated by a PC spreadsheet or churned out by a supercomputer, can be an invaluable decisionmaking aid.
• The is that the people who make decisions with computers will turn over too much of their decision-making power to the computer.
• Risks can be magnifies because peoeple take computers seriously.

-Future user interfaces will be based on agents rather than on tools.

-Agents are software programs designed to be managed rather than munipulated.

-An intelligent software agent can:

• Ask questions as well as respond to commands.
• Pay attention to its user's work patterns.
• Serve as a guide and a coach.
• Take on its owner's goals.
• Use reasoning to fabricate goals of its own.

Tomorrow's agents will be better able to complete with human assistants.

Future agents may possess a degree of sensitivity.

A well trained software agent in the future might accomplish these tasks:

-Remind you that its time to get the trues rotated on your car and make an appointement for the rotation.

-Distribute notes to the other members of your study group or work group and tell you which members opened those notes.

-Keep you poted on new articles on subjects that interest you and know enough about those subjects to be selective without being rigid.

-Manage your appointments and keep track of your communications.

-Teach you new applications and answer reference questions.

-Defend your system and your home from viruses, intruders, and other security breaches.

-Help protect your privacy on and off the net.

Chapter 5: Productivity Applications

Doug Engelbart Explores Hyperspace

-One of the pioneers of the computer hardware and software

-In 1968, he demonstrated his Augument system:

• Mouse
• Video Display editing
• Mixed text and graphics, windowing
• Outlining
• Shared-screen video conferencing
• Computer conferencing
• Groupware
• Hypermedia

The Wordsmith's Toolbox

-Working with a processor invloves several steps.

• Entering text
• Editing text
• Formatting the document
• Proofreading the document
• Saving the document on disk
• Printing a document

-Entering, Editing, and Formatting Text

-Displayed on the screen and stored in the computer's RAM.

• Save your work periodically because RAM is not permanent memory.

-Editing Text

• Navigate to different parts of a document.
• Insert or delete text at any point
• Move and copy text
• Search and replace words and phrases.

The Wordsmith's Toolbox

-Formatting the Document

• Stylesheets
• headers and footers
• multiple variable-width columns
• graphics
• automatic editing features
• hiddden comments
• table of contents and indexes
• coaching and help features

Word Processors

-Rules of Thumb: Word processing is NOT TYPING

Use the return or Enter key only when you must

• Word wrap moves text to the next line.

-use tabs and margins guides, not the spacebar, t0 align columns

• WYSIWYG is a matter of degree.
• text that looks perfectly aligned onscreen may not line up on paper.

-Dont underline:

• Use italics and boldface for emphasis:italicize book and journal titles.

-Use only one space after a period.

• Proportionally-spaces fonts look better without double spaces

-Outliners and Idea processors are effective at:

• Arranging information into levels.


• Rearranging ideas and levels


• Hiding and revealing levels of detail as needed.

-Digital referencing:

• Dictionaries, quotation books, encyclopedia, atlases, almanacs, and other references are now available in digital form.
• The biggest advantage is the speed
• the biggest drawback is that people can plagerize

-Grammar and Style Checkers

• Analyze each word in context, checking for errors
• check spelling
• point our errors and suggest improvements

-Form letter Generators

• Mail merge capabilities produce pernalized form letters.
• create a database with names
• Create a form letter
• merge the database with the form letter to create a personalized letter.

- You can incopertate custom paragraphs based in the recipent's personal data.

-Collaborative Writing Tools:

Groupware: Software designed to be used by a workgroup

• Provides for collaborative writing and editing.
• Tracks changes and identifies then by the originators name.
• Compare document versions and highlights differences in documents.

-processing handwritten words

-processing words with software that can reliably recognize human speech

-Anticipating a writers needs, acting as an electronic editor or co-author.

-What is Desktop Publishing?

• The process of producing a book, magazine, or other publication includes several steps.
• writing text
• editing text

-producing drawing, photgraphs, and other graphics to accompany the text

-Designing a basic format for the publication.

-typesetting text

-Arranging text and graphics on pages

-Typesetting and printing pages

-Binding pages into a finished publication.

Chapter 1:Continued

Computer Connections:

- Web Browsers: programs that in effect serve as navigable windows into the Web

- hypertext links: Tie together millions of Web pages created by diverse authors

- Internet Supports varied activities: ebay used to make international transactions. real-Time multiplayer games.

Explainations: Clarifying technology:

- Computer literacy is already imporoving our day-today lives and careers.

Applications: enable you to use a computer for specific purposes.

Implications- Social and Ethical Issues:

- The threat to personal privacy posed by large databases and computer networks.

- The hazards of high-tech crime and the difficulty of keeping dara secure.

- The difficulty of defining and protecting intellectual property in an all- digital age.

- The threat of automation and the dehumanization of work.

- The abuse of information as a tool of political and economic power.

- The emergence of bio-digital technology.

- The dangers of dependence on complex technology.

-micro chipping animals.

hw: 5 examples about bio-digital technology

Chapter 1: Our Digital Planet

-Creating Communites on the Living Web

• MySpace: online community for young people.
• Flickr: creates a community for people to share pictures

-Computers are no longer a luxury, but instead its a commodity.

- Computers and there applications are included in our daily lives.

- All computers take in information called input and give out information called output.

- Hardware: The physical part

-Software: The instruction that tells hardware how to transform the input data.

- In 1939: Konrad Zuse compeleted the first programmable, general-purpose computer.

- Around the same time the British government was assembling a top-secret team of mathematicians and engineers to crack Nazi- military codes.

- 1943: the team led by mathematicians Alan Turning and others completed Colossus, considerded by many to be the first electronic digital computer.

-1944: Thanks to a one million dollar grant from IBM, Harvard prof. Howard Aikwn developed the Mark I

-John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert helped the U.S. effort in World War II by constructing a machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns.

-Vacuum tubes: were used in early computers.

-Transistors: replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956

-By thw mid-1960's transistors were replaced by integrated circuits.

-Integrated circuits brought:

• increased reliability
• smaller size
• higher speed
• higher efficency
• lower cost

- 1971: The first microproceeor was invented by Intel engineers.

- The personal computer revolution began in 1970:

• apple
• commodore

- Desktop computers havent completely replaced big computers, wich have also evolved.

-Embedded Computers

• Special-purpose compter:Dedicated computers that perform specific tasks.
• Controlling the temp. and humidity.
• monitoring your heart rate.
• monitoring your house security system.

-The program is etched on silicon so it cannot be altered. this is called firmware.

-Personal Computers:

• PC's serve a single user at a time.

-Workstations: high-end desktop computers with massive computing power used for high-end interactive applications.

-Portable Computers:machines that are not tied to the desktop.

- Serves

• computeres degined to provide software and other resources to other compters over a network.

- mainframes:

• Used by large organizations, such as airlines, for big computing jobs
• communicate with mainframe through terminals
• multiple communications at one time through process of timesharing.

- Supercomputers:

For power users who need access to the fastest most powerful computers made.

-The emergence of networks.

• Connect devices together
• 1960's: Internet deeveloped with backing of the U.S. government.

- The internet explosion-over a billiob people with Internet access by the end of 2005

-Web Browsers:

• Programs that, in effect, serve as navigable windows into the web.

-Hypertext links:

• Tie together millions of Web pages created by diverse authors.

-internet supports varied activities:

• ebay used to make interantional transactions
• Real-time multiplayer games.

-In the history of out society we have had:

• An agricultural age
• An industrial age

-

Chapter 4: The User Interface

- Future users interfaces will be built around emreging development technologies such a:

the end of applications

natural-language interface

agents

virtual realities

- files can be scatteres all over the system, which often ,akes data managemnet difficult.

- one solution to this problem is to organize data files logically.

- both windows and the Mac support the notion of common system floders with self-explanatory names.

• my documents
• my pictures
• my music

- File-managment utilities:

• view, rename, copy, move, and delete files and folders
• Hierarchies help with organization
• help with locating a file
• get size, file type, and last modification date.

-Managing Files from Applications:

• operations:open, Save as, Save, and Close

Defragmentaion

- Software Piracy: illegal duplication of copyrighted software

• the software industry is a 50 billion a year business sector
• billions of dollars are lost each year to software piracy.

- The WIMP(windows, icons, menus, and pointing devices) interface is easier to learn and use than earlier character-based interfaces.

- The SILK interface incoperates many important emerging user interface software technologies.

Chapter 4: continued

Software Bundles:

Vertical-market and Custom Software

-tends to cost far more than mass-market applications

-Job specific software:

• medical billings
• library cataloging
• legal reference software
• restaurant management
• software needs

System Software:

a class of software that includes the operating system and utility programs, handles these details, and hundreds of other tasks behind the scenes.

operating system functions:

• supports multitasking
• manages virtual memory
• maintains file system
• responsible for authentication and authorization

What is the difference between authentication and authorization? Give Examples

utility programs:

-Serve as tools for doing system maintenence and repairs that arent automatically handled by the operating system.

-make it easier for users to:

• copy files between storage devices
• repair damaged data files
• translate files so that different programs can read them.
• gaurd against viruses and other potential harmful programs(as described in the chapter on computer security and risks)
• compress files so they take up less disk space
• perform other important, is unexciting

- Norton provides a package that includes software tools for recovering damaged files, and repairing damaged disks.

Device Drivers:

-small programs that enable I/O devices to communicate with the computer

-included with the operating system

-Some computers store their operating system in ROM

other include only part of it in ROM

The remainder of the operating system is loaded into memory in a process called booting. which occurs when you turn on the computer.

-interacting with the operating system, like interacting with an application, cam be intuitive or challenging and it depends on something called the user interface.

User Interface

- The interface defines the look and feel of the comupting experience from a human point of view.

-MS-DOS is a disk operating system in which the user intacts using character

• letters
• numbers
• symbols

Features Included:

-Commanded-line interface

-Menu-driven interface

Graphical User Interface: Mac Os was developed by Macintosh in 1954 using GUI.

-Mulitiple User operating Sytem: UNIX and Linus

-Unix was developed at Bell labs before personal computers were available.

-linuz is free for anyone to use or improve.

Uniz remains teh dominant operating system for internet servers.

-Some of the UNIX is available for personal computers, workstations, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.

Chapter 4: continued

Consumer Applications: many software companies have replaced their printed documentation with:

-tutorials

-reference materials

-help files

-online help

Upgrading: users can upgrade a program to the new version by paying an upgrade fee to the software manufacturer.

Compatibility allows software to function properly with the hardware, operating system, and peripherals.

- programs written for one trype of computer system may not work on another.

Disclaimers: software manufactueres limit their liability for software probelms by selling software "as is".

Licensing: Commercial software is copyrightes so it can't be legally duplicated for distribution to others:

• Software Licenses
• Volume Licenses

Distribution: Software is distributed via:

• Direct Sale
• Retail stores
• Mail-order catalogs
• web sites
• not all all software is copyrighted: public domain software/ shareware

-Web applications fall into several categories:

• Some simple web applications perform simple data-processing tasks that could also by traditional programs running on stand-alone PC's
• Most web applications take advantage of the Web's connectivity.
• Many web applications leverage the Webs strength as a huge repository of information.
• Some web applications support online business transactions.

Chapter 4

-Linus Torvalds

best known as the linux creator

the linux operating system is the best known example of open source software. today linux powers Web servers, film and animation workstations, scientific supercomputers, and a handful of handhelds.

-The three major categories of software:

compliers and other translator programs enable programmers to create other software. software applications server as productivity tools to help computer users solve probelms.

system software: coordinates hardware operations and does behind the scenes work the computer user sledom sees.

The hardware in a computer system is rquipped to produce whatever output a user requests.

A fast machine: programmers begin with an algorithm- a set of steps instructions written in a natrual language.

- the steps are often ambiguos, errorprone generaltities

the steps are translated into the vocabulary of a programming language.

Intro. To Project

Project: A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service.
Project Identification=> Project initiation and planning=> analysis=> Logical Design=> physical design=> Implementaion=> Maintenence.
What is a project?
- A project is a sequence of unique, complex, adn connected ativities having one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, within a budget, and according to specifications.
Project manegment Ciriteria:
-Projects are oriented towards a goal.
-There is something unique about every project.
- Projects have a finite duration.
- Projects require coodinatin of interrelated activites.
What is project manegment?
- Project manegment is a set of principles and tools for:

• Defining
• Planning
• Excetucting
• Controlling
• Completeing a project

Why is project management Important?

-organize your approach

-Generate a credible schedule

-track progress and control your project

-indentify where to focus your efforts

-identify problems early

-saves your time......money
If you fail to plan. plan to fail

Assessment:

- observing a problem

- Analysing it

- Defining the need

- Deciding on an action

- Answering W-questions

Planning:

-needs Analyses

- Analysis of the organization, its values, activites and relevency

-Own motivation

-Definition of aims (general) and concrete objectives.

-Selection of methodology, activites

-plan of activites-schedule

-Resources: human , financail. material. time.

-organization of that project: team, partners

-outline of the project/project fiche

-Risks assessment strategy

SMART:

• specific
• Measurable
• Acheviable
• Realistic
• Time

Chapter 2: The computer's Memory

RAM (random access memory)

-Used to store program instructioms and data temporarily

- Unique addressees and data can be stored in any location

- Can quickly retreive information

-Will not remain if power goes off.
ROM (read only memory)
-Information stored permanently on a chip
-Contains startup instructions and other permanent data.
CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor)
-special low-energy kind of RAM
Flash memory
-Ued for phones, pagers, computers, and PDA's
Buses, Ports, and Peripherals:
- Iformation travels between components on the motherboard through groups of wires called system buses, or just buses.
Buses:
-Tpically have 32 or 64 wires
- Connect to storage devices in bays
-Connect to expansion slots
- connect to external buses and ports
Slots and ports:
-Buses also connect to external buses and ports -sockets on the outside of the computer chassis.
- Make it easy to ass external devices, called peripherals.
Inventing the Future:
-> New laser etching technology called extremw ultraviolet lithography could reduce chip size and increase preformance radically.
- Superconductorsa that transmit electricity without heat could increase computer speed a hundreedfold.
- The optical computer tranmist inforamtion in light waves rather than electrical pulses.

Social and Ethical Issues

Technology:

-network/client server
-database
-middlewave
Social Issues:
- Reliability
-Integrity
-Security
- privacy
-Anonymity
Applications/input
- education
-training
-business
-employment

Chapter 2 : preformance

- Applications require faster machines to produce satisfactory results:
- A computer 's overall performance is determined by:
-its mircoprocessor internal clock speed.
- measured in units called GHz for billions of clock cycles pers second
- The architecture and word size of the processor
- Hi-end workstations and servers use 64-bit processors
-MOst PCs and macintoshes use 32-bit processors.
- Some embeded and special-purpose computers still use 8 and 16-bit processors.

Chapter 2: The computers Core- The CPU and Memory

The CPU: The Real Computer

• CPU ( Microprocessor)
• Interprets and amd executes the instructions in each program.
• Supervises arithmetic and logical data manipulations
• Communicates with all other parts of the computer system indirectly through memory
• An extraordinarily complex collection of electronic circuits.
• Housed along with other chips and electronic components on the motherboard.

All software is not necessarily compatible with every CPU.

• Software written for the PowerPc family of processors used in Macintosh computers won't run on Intel processors.
• Programs written for Linux can't run on Windows. Both systems run on PC's powered by Intel's microprocessor
• CPUs in the same family are generally designed to be backward compatible.
• Newer processors can process all of the instructions handled by earlier models.

Performance:

• Applications require faster machines to produce satisfactory result
• A computer's overall performance is determined by:
• Its microprocessor's internal clock speed. Measured in units called gigahertz (GHz) for billions of clock cycles per second.
• The architecture and word size of the processor
• High=end workstations and servers use 6-4 bit processors. Most Pc's and Macintoshes use 32-bit processors. Some embedded and special-purpose computers still use 8- and 16-bit processors.

Techniques for speeding up a computer's performance:
-Parallel processing
-Server clusters

KB: Kilobyte 1024

MB: Megabyte 1024^2

TB: Terabyte 1024^3

PB: Pebibyte 1024^4

EB: Exbibyte 1024^5

ZB: Zebibyte 1024^6

YB: Yottabyte 1024^7

The Basics

Basic Functions of a Computer:

- Receive Input: Accept information from the outside world.

- Process Information: Perform arithmetic or logical (decision-making) operations on information.

- Produce Output: Communicate information to the outside world.

- Store Information: Move and store information in memory.

Basic Components:

- Input Devices

- Keyboard and mouse

- output devices

- display or video monitor

- Printer

- Speakers

- CPU

Memory and Storage Devices:

- Primary storage: RAM

- Secondary storage: -Hard Disk

- CD

- Tape drives

Bits:

- Information

Communication that has value because it informs anything that can be communicated whether it has value or not.

Critical Thinking:

- Means correct thinking in the pursuit of relevant and reliable knowledge about the world.

-Ask appropriate questions.

- Gather relevant information.

- Efficiently and creatively sort through the information.

- Reason from this information.

- Come to a reliable and trustworthy conclusion.

Binary Number System:

- binary denotes all numbers with combinations of 2 digits.

- Decimal nuimbers are automatically converted into binary numbers and vice versa.

- Binary numbers processing is completely hidden from the user.

Bits and Codes:

- the most widely used code.

- An abbreviation of American standard Code for information interchange.

Unicode:

- A coding scheme that supports 65,000 unique characters.

Bits as instructions in Programs:

- programs are stored as collection of bits.

- Program instructions are represented in binary notation through the use of colors.

Green Computing:

- The manufacture of the hardware and software can have an impact on the environment.

- Buy green equipment (energy star)

- Use a notebook and a solar battery

- Use energy saving features

- Turn off the computer when your away.

- Screen savers dont save energy

- Print only once

- Recycle waste products