Chapter 4: continued

Consumer Applications: many software companies have replaced their printed documentation with:

-tutorials

-reference materials

-help files

-online help

Upgrading: users can upgrade a program to the new version by paying an upgrade fee to the software manufacturer.

Compatibility allows software to function properly with the hardware, operating system, and peripherals.

- programs written for one trype of computer system may not work on another.

Disclaimers: software manufactueres limit their liability for software probelms by selling software "as is".

Licensing: Commercial software is copyrightes so it can't be legally duplicated for distribution to others:

• Software Licenses
• Volume Licenses

Distribution: Software is distributed via:

• Direct Sale
• Retail stores
• Mail-order catalogs
• web sites
• not all all software is copyrighted: public domain software/ shareware

-Web applications fall into several categories:

• Some simple web applications perform simple data-processing tasks that could also by traditional programs running on stand-alone PC's
• Most web applications take advantage of the Web's connectivity.
• Many web applications leverage the Webs strength as a huge repository of information.
• Some web applications support online business transactions.

Chapter 4

-Linus Torvalds

best known as the linux creator

the linux operating system is the best known example of open source software. today linux powers Web servers, film and animation workstations, scientific supercomputers, and a handful of handhelds.

-The three major categories of software:

compliers and other translator programs enable programmers to create other software. software applications server as productivity tools to help computer users solve probelms.

system software: coordinates hardware operations and does behind the scenes work the computer user sledom sees.

The hardware in a computer system is rquipped to produce whatever output a user requests.

A fast machine: programmers begin with an algorithm- a set of steps instructions written in a natrual language.

- the steps are often ambiguos, errorprone generaltities

the steps are translated into the vocabulary of a programming language.

Intro. To Project

Project: A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service.
Project Identification=> Project initiation and planning=> analysis=> Logical Design=> physical design=> Implementaion=> Maintenence.
What is a project?
- A project is a sequence of unique, complex, adn connected ativities having one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, within a budget, and according to specifications.
Project manegment Ciriteria:
-Projects are oriented towards a goal.
-There is something unique about every project.
- Projects have a finite duration.
- Projects require coodinatin of interrelated activites.
What is project manegment?
- Project manegment is a set of principles and tools for:

• Defining
• Planning
• Excetucting
• Controlling
• Completeing a project

Why is project management Important?

-organize your approach

-Generate a credible schedule

-track progress and control your project

-indentify where to focus your efforts

-identify problems early

-saves your time......money
If you fail to plan. plan to fail

Assessment:

- observing a problem

- Analysing it

- Defining the need

- Deciding on an action

- Answering W-questions

Planning:

-needs Analyses

- Analysis of the organization, its values, activites and relevency

-Own motivation

-Definition of aims (general) and concrete objectives.

-Selection of methodology, activites

-plan of activites-schedule

-Resources: human , financail. material. time.

-organization of that project: team, partners

-outline of the project/project fiche

-Risks assessment strategy

SMART:

• specific
• Measurable
• Acheviable
• Realistic
• Time

Chapter 2: The computer's Memory

RAM (random access memory)

-Used to store program instructioms and data temporarily

- Unique addressees and data can be stored in any location

- Can quickly retreive information

-Will not remain if power goes off.
ROM (read only memory)
-Information stored permanently on a chip
-Contains startup instructions and other permanent data.
CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor)
-special low-energy kind of RAM
Flash memory
-Ued for phones, pagers, computers, and PDA's
Buses, Ports, and Peripherals:
- Iformation travels between components on the motherboard through groups of wires called system buses, or just buses.
Buses:
-Tpically have 32 or 64 wires
- Connect to storage devices in bays
-Connect to expansion slots
- connect to external buses and ports
Slots and ports:
-Buses also connect to external buses and ports -sockets on the outside of the computer chassis.
- Make it easy to ass external devices, called peripherals.
Inventing the Future:
-> New laser etching technology called extremw ultraviolet lithography could reduce chip size and increase preformance radically.
- Superconductorsa that transmit electricity without heat could increase computer speed a hundreedfold.
- The optical computer tranmist inforamtion in light waves rather than electrical pulses.

Social and Ethical Issues

Technology:

-network/client server
-database
-middlewave
Social Issues:
- Reliability
-Integrity
-Security
- privacy
-Anonymity
Applications/input
- education
-training
-business
-employment

Chapter 2 : preformance

- Applications require faster machines to produce satisfactory results:
- A computer 's overall performance is determined by:
-its mircoprocessor internal clock speed.
- measured in units called GHz for billions of clock cycles pers second
- The architecture and word size of the processor
- Hi-end workstations and servers use 64-bit processors
-MOst PCs and macintoshes use 32-bit processors.
- Some embeded and special-purpose computers still use 8 and 16-bit processors.

Chapter 2: The computers Core- The CPU and Memory

The CPU: The Real Computer

• CPU ( Microprocessor)
• Interprets and amd executes the instructions in each program.
• Supervises arithmetic and logical data manipulations
• Communicates with all other parts of the computer system indirectly through memory
• An extraordinarily complex collection of electronic circuits.
• Housed along with other chips and electronic components on the motherboard.

All software is not necessarily compatible with every CPU.

• Software written for the PowerPc family of processors used in Macintosh computers won't run on Intel processors.
• Programs written for Linux can't run on Windows. Both systems run on PC's powered by Intel's microprocessor
• CPUs in the same family are generally designed to be backward compatible.
• Newer processors can process all of the instructions handled by earlier models.

Performance:

• Applications require faster machines to produce satisfactory result
• A computer's overall performance is determined by:
• Its microprocessor's internal clock speed. Measured in units called gigahertz (GHz) for billions of clock cycles per second.
• The architecture and word size of the processor
• High=end workstations and servers use 6-4 bit processors. Most Pc's and Macintoshes use 32-bit processors. Some embedded and special-purpose computers still use 8- and 16-bit processors.

Techniques for speeding up a computer's performance:
-Parallel processing
-Server clusters

KB: Kilobyte 1024

MB: Megabyte 1024^2

TB: Terabyte 1024^3

PB: Pebibyte 1024^4

EB: Exbibyte 1024^5

ZB: Zebibyte 1024^6

YB: Yottabyte 1024^7